Saturday, October 3, 2015

Jewish Farming Communities in New Jersey



                      Jewish Farming Communities in New Jersey

                                            Arthur L. Finkle


  •     TABLE OF CONTENTS
  • Jewish Farming as a Moral Enterprise
  • The Issue: Was The Urban Jew Equipped To Be A Farmer?
  • Baron Maurice Von Hirsch
  • Jewish Colonial Trust
  • Jewish Poultry Farming
  • Vineland, NJ
  • Woodbine
  • Jewish Agricultural School
  • Others Managed Farms
  • Farmingdale – Poultry
  • Intellectual Farmers
  • Roosevelt, NJ
  • The War Years
  • Freehold
  • Perrineville
  • Summer Boarders
  • Englishtown
  • Anti-Semitism and Racism
  • Suburbanization
  • Growth of Farming in Monmouth County
  • Howell Township
  • Habonim Cream Ridge Farm
  • Hashomer Hatzair
  • Gentry Farmers
  • Jews Care for Each Other
  • Ocean County
  • Tom's River
  • Pincus Farm
  • Zelnick Family Farm
  • Rosenkranz Farm
  • Latterman Farm
  • Gruenzburger Farm
  • Displaced Persons
  • Lacher Farm
  • Lakewood Farming
  • Hunterdon County
  • Medical Care 
  • Mercer County.
  • Hightstown.
  • Jewish Settlement in the Hightstown Area in the Early 1900’s 
  • Early Member Families
  • The Jewish Presence in Hightstown after World War II
  • The Franklin Street Building..
  • Religious Leaders.
  • Pennington
  • Middlesex County
  • South Brunswick –Franklin Township
  • Dayton
  • Metuchen
  • Waksman Connection
  • Raritan Valley
  • Art Center
  • Burlington County
  • Bibliography

To purchase: http://goo.gl/bDWFGn





Rabbi Evan Jaffe of Flemington (cont)

Hundreds show respect to Rabbi Evan Jaffe of Flemington Jewish Community Center, dead at 62
Photo by Paul Hamilton
Hundreds show respect to Rabbi Evan Jaffe of Flemington Jewish Community Center, dead at 62





Hundreds leave the funeral services for Rabbi Evan Jaffe at the Flemington Jewish Community Center. Posted: Wednesday, August 19, 2015 3:00 am

By WALTER O’BRIEN Editor
Rabbi Evan Jaffe, leader of the Flemington Jewish Community Center (FJCC) in Raritan Township, died on Wednesday, Aug. 12 at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center in Philadelphia after a battle with cancer. He was 62.

Funeral services took place at 1 p.m. Friday, Aug. 14 at the center with hundreds of family, friends, and neighbors. The services were followed by interment in the FJCC Cemetery on Capner Street. Jaffe is survived by his wife, Phyllis Lerner, and their two daughters, Jordana and Atara.

“It is with deepest sadness and sorrow that we inform all of you that this morning our husband, father, rabbi, friend and mentor passed away,” said Phyllis, Jordana and Atara Jaffe in a public message posted on the funeral home website. “While for a time he seemed to improve in the ICU, due to the exceptional care of the nursing staff and doctors of UPenn medical facility; unfortunately, the past couple of days were a struggle, and he succumbed to the disease. While his body struggled, his brilliant mind stayed strong, brave, kind, and even humorous all the way till the end. He was an inspiration to all of his doctors and nurses – they loved him even for the short time he was with them.”

“Our community has lost a great leader and a great man. I got to know him through my role as prosecutor and was able to quickly identify him as a leader,” said Hunterdon County Prosecutor Anthony P. Kearns III. “He was an integral part of our community. He had and understood the uniqueness of our county and sought to preserve it and make it all the better through his concern and care for others. I valued his wisdom and strength. The county has lost a leader and a compassionate visionary and I have lost a friend. I will miss him and my most sincere sympathies and condolences are with his family and congregation.”

Born in Denver, Rabbi Jaffe graduated Cum Laude from Columbia University with a bachelor’s degree in Religion, and earned a Master of Hebrew Letters from the Jewish Theological Seminary, according to the FJCC website. Rabbi Jaffe acted as both Rabbi and Cantor, reading Torah and teaching Hebrew School. He personally tutored each bar or bat mitzvah student. He was Jewish Chaplain at Hunterdon Medical Center, Hunterdon Development Center, Hunterdon County Jail, and president of the Hunterdon Interfaith Outreach Council.

“Rabbi Jaffe was a kind, gentle, polite and learned man who loved children, visited the sick, helped the developmentally challenged, embraced the aging, worked with the homeless and the list goes on,” said Karen Walsh, director of the FJCC Hebrew School. “He created a Hebrew School, and a teen mentoring program that made Judaism accessible to each and every child. He remembered the name of every Torah portion for every student he tutored. He will be remembered for each high five he gave to preschool students, teaching Chag Gad Ya every spring to the Hebrew School and staying in touch with students once they left for school, got married and had children of their own. Over the past 28 years he was our spiritual leader, our friend, and our teacher. The silence from his empty chair in his office recounts the stories of his community that will echo through the building for years to come.”

“Knowing Rabbi Jaffe’s devotion to people – not just to service – I was not at all surprised by the sea of people that overflowed the Flemington Jewish Community Center this afternoon,” said Alexandria Township resident and author Stephanie P. Ledgin. “For me personally, he was there every step of the way the past year as I dealt with multiple family and health issues. Multiply this type of caring and involvement by the one thousand people in attendance at his funeral service, and it is still only a fraction of his countless contributions to the entire Hunterdon County community. His loss is like a gaping sink hole.”

Rather than flowers, well-wishers are asked to consider a donation to the Flemington Jewish Community Center, Hunterdon Interfaith Outreach Council, or Volunteer Guardianship One-on-One.




Rabbi Evan A. Jaffe, died Wednesday August 12, 2015 at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center in Philadelphia, PA, he was 62. Born in Baltimore, MD, son of the late Marvin and Carolyn Moranz Jaffe, he had resided in Flemington since 1987, and formerly resided in New York City. Rabbi Jaffe was a graduate of Columbia University and received his Master's Degree in Social Work from the University of Pennsylvania, and graduated from the Jewish Theological Seminary, in New York City. Evan was the Rabbi at the Flemington Jewish Community Center (FJCC) since 1987. At one time, he was a professional ballet dancer in New York for seven years. Active in community activities for nearly 30 years, he was the Chaplain at Hunterdon Developmental Center, in Clinton, NJ and the Greenbrook Regional Center, in Greenbrook NJ. He was the President of the Hunterdon Interfaith Outreach Council, former President of the Women's Crisis Center in Flemington, was an active participant with the Volunteer Guardianship of One-on-One in Hunterdon County and Meals on Wheels of Hunterdon County, and was a volunteer at the Edna Mahan Correctional Facility in Clinton, NJ. He was also the founder of the O.P.E.N. Road of Flemington, which facilitates the transportation for the developmentally disabled and the homebound elderly to places of worship. He was also very active in the Matheny School and Hospital in Peapack, NJ. During his tenure at the FJCC, he oversaw the growth of the community center and was selected by The Forward magazine "as one of the 33 most inspirational Rabbi's in the US." Rabbi Jaffe is survived by his wife of 33 years, Phyllis Lerner, two daughters, Atara Jaffe of Vacaville, CA, and Jordana Jaffe of Hoboken, NJ, and a sister, Mindy Jaffe of Honolulu HI. Funeral services will take place Friday, August 14, 2015 at 1:00 p.m. in the Flemington Jewish Community Center, 5 Sergeantsville Road, Flemington, NJ under the joint-direction of Holcombe-Fisher Funeral Home and Wright & Ford Family Funeral Home, Flemington, NJ. Interment will follow in the Flemington Jewish Community Cemetery, Capner Street, Flemington, NJ. As is traditional in the Jewish faith, the Rabbi would not want flowers. Instead, please consider a donation to the Flemington Jewish Community Center, 5 Sergeantsville Road, Flemington NJ 08822, the Hunterdon Interfaith Outreach Council, at the same address, or Volunteer Guardianship One-on-One, 188 Route 31, Flemington, NJ 08822. Holcombe-Fisher Funeral Home 147 Main Street Flemington, NJ 08822 (908) 782-4343

Published in Hunterdon County Democrat from Aug. 15 to Aug. 18, 2015 - See more at: http://obits.nj.com/obituaries/hunterdoncountydemocrat/obituary.aspx?n=evan-a-jaffe&pid=175527280&fhid=8072#sthash.GRnfLVi4.dpuf
October 03, 2015





Evan Jaffe
Flemington Jewish Community Center | Flemington, New Jersey | 62 years old
Rabbi Evan Jaffe gives a voice to those who go ignored or have been abandoned. Flemington Jewish Community Center’s humble spiritual leader is a champion of compassion and justice for all. In March, he will be recognized by Volunteer Guardianship One-on-One, Inc. for his work with people with dementia and for mentoring new caretakers. He serves as emergency guardian for those abandoned at Hunterdon Medical Center. In December, when his synagogue completed its new Torah in honor of the congregation’s 90th anniversary, Rabbi Jaffe arranged for several severely disabled residents from centers for people with developmental disabilities to participate in the Torah writing process. He conducts weekly services for Hunterdon Center residents and regularly integrates them in synagogue. He is a founder of OPEN Religious Organizations Accepting Disabilities, which regularly arranges transportation to churches for the disabled. He also provides outreach to the poor and the homeless, and to Jewish inmates; co-sponsors African refugees; and volunteers with Meals on Wheels.
— Eileen Schwalb

Flemington Jewish Center – Facebook


Naomi Mindlin I am so sorry to hear of Rabbi Jaffe's death. One year in the mid-1990s, I worked with the confirmation class at FJCC, studying various topics through dance. Rabbi Jaffe (who I was told often took the opportunity to whip out a pirouette in an empty social hall) totally embraced this creative way to engage with Judaism. He was a true mensch.

Dianne Davis So sorry to hear of the passing of Rabbi Jaffe. He truly had a "yiddisha neshama" and taught by example. RIP Rabbi Jaffe.


September 12 at 2:47amDoug Krampel Devastation doesn't come close to describe the feelings we are going though and the hope to Phyllis, Jordana and Tari. We are here for you and each other. Rabbi Evan Jaffe has brought all of our families a unity and connection to Judaism. It is just so hard to believe that he will not be here to share nachas and sadness. He would want us to go on and be the best we can be. RIP Rabbi Evan Jaffe.
Stephanie P. Ledgin I am heartbroken to hear this sad news. While I am not a full-time member of FJCC, Rabbi Jaffe was there for me every step of the way the last 10 months through the loss of my mother and my own cancer battle. He was self-less, tireless, and the entire community, Jewish or not, was blessed by his presence and activities. May his memory be for a blessing. My sincere condolences to his family, friends, and colleagues.

Joanna Kay Silberman A tragic loss
Judy Gold Way Too soon. Tragic loss.

Margie Owens Conte What a dear man ...I saw him in action and he walked. His talk and took good care of his flock

 Len Epstein Sherry Deutsch, Lori Epstein and I are in terrible shock! Rabbi Jaffe was an inspiration to everyone and will be sorely missed! The world has lost a very bright light. Baruch Dayan HaEmes!

Kris Garhart I am beyond brokenhearted at the loss of Rabbi Jaffe. I will miss his smile, kind words, wise counsel and friendship. Words fall short in expressing how I feel. God bless you Rabbi.

Arielle Shapiro Baruch Dayan Emet. Our whole family is heart broken.

Elaine Eva Huber We are all sadden by the loss of our beloved Rabbi, and spiritual leader. Rabbi Jaffe personified the word MENSCH. His genuine caring, inspiration and leadership will be truly missed. Baruch Dayan Haemes.
My heart goes out to Rabbi Jaffe's wife and daughter's. May they find comfort in the knowledge that he was an amazing human being.

Erin Cobb McPherson What a terrible loss for the community!
Rabbi Jaffe was so kind to everyone he met - including the children who attend FJCC Nursery School

Christopher Rowland Truly, a shining light has gone out. My condolences to the many who grieve his loss.

Peggy Gagliardi I am completely devastated for the passing of our dearest Rabbi Jaffe. His life work was a pure and sincere example of selfless works and acts of kindness. He has touched so many lives far reaching the human eye. My heart is broken for our loss and for his beloved wife and children.

Mark Sirota What devastating news. Rabbi Jaffe meant so much to my family, to the FJCC and to the larger community. And he was an inspiration to me. My heart goes out to his family.

 Erica Good What a horrible loss... A truly amazing man and such an important part of our lives. My son and I are truly devastated by this loss... An amazing friend and he will be dearly missed. My heart breaks for you his beloved family...

Heather Wighton Mass Devastated but grateful for our time with him. My kids adored him. He was such a pillar of strength during our own challenges. What an amazing man and an amazing family. Much love and continued prayers.

Barbara Langer I am so saddened to hear of the passing of Rabbi Jaffe. He was such a wonderful person, an amazing rabbi, so kind and so considerate of everyone. He was there for my family in happy times and tragic times. I first met him when he came to visit me in th...See More


 Susan G. Moss-Danielsen He was an amazing Rabbi and he did my dad's services back in 1988.... So, sad to hear of his passing.....RIP Rabbi Jaffe!!!
  
 Naomi Mindlin I am so sorry to hear of Rabbi Jaffe's death. One year in the mid-1990s, I worked with the confirmation class at FJCC, studying various topics through dance. Rabbi Jaffe (who I was told often took the opportunity to whip out a pirouette in an empty social hall) totally embraced this creative way to engage with Judaism. He was a true mensch.
  
Dianne Davis So sorry to hear of the passing of Rabbi Jaffe. He truly had a "yiddisha neshama" and taught by example. RIP Rabbi Jaffe.





The Jaffe Family Thanks Community

Jordana, Atara and I would like to extend our sincere thanks to the entire Flemington Jewish Community Center family. The outpouring of love, affection and heartfelt sentiments has brought us, and continues to bring us much comfort and love.
From the beautiful cards; each with a touching and meaningful story, the well attended minyan services; both morning and evening, the lovely Shiva visits to our home, the meals and goodies, and the generous donations and expressions of love for my husband and how he touched your lives has been most heart warming. We will never forget what he meant to all of you and how much you meant to him, and what you continue to mean to us. These acts of kindness will always be remembered and cherished in our hearts.
We will be spending Rosh Hashanah in Westchester with my niece and our family and will be back at the FJCC with all of you for Yom Kippur. We want to take this time to wish you a Shana Tova, a Happy and Healthy New Year 5776.

We love you,
Phyllis, Jordana and Atara


Monday, August 31, 2015

The Jewish Heritage Museum of Monmouth County

The Jewish Heritage Museum of Monmouth County

Arthur L. Finkle

The Jewish Heritage Museum of Monmouth County opened in 2006. The museum’s mission is to raise public awareness of the County's Jewish heritage, particularly its agricultural contributions. 

The earliest Jewish population can be traced to Isaac Emanuel, a Freehold merchant, was the first Jew to settle in Monmouth County in 1720. During the American Revolution, both the British and Continental sides after the Battle of Monmouth (1778) mentioned ‘Jewtown” in what is now Freehold Township. Local history indicates there were several Jewish tavern and inn keepers.

It presents exhibits, programs and publications that celebrate and preserve the unique history of the Jewish residents of Monmouth County, New Jersey.

Located in an old barn (c1800), once part of the Levi Solomon farm, (donated by Bernard Hochberg), its supporters include The Jewish Federation of Greater Monmouth County.


Manny Metz, a Freehold farmer for more than four decades, tends his land, circa 1975.

Jill Huber, New Jersey Jewish News Bureau, reported that Jean Klerman of Fair Haven, and Charlotte Kruman of Rumson, co-chaired an exhibit on the book,
Peddler to Suburbanite: The History of the Jews of Monmouth County,
Kruman chaired the Jewish Bicentennial Committee of the Monmouth Jewish
She also donated a copy of a 1778 map depicted ‘Jews Town’ (now part of Colts Neck) as seen in the Battle of Monmouth during the Revolutionary War.

Jean Klerman, a member of the museum’s board of trustees and co-writer of the book, was the “driving force” in creating the exhibit. She recognized the efforts of museum co-president Jeffrey Wolf, the exhibits committee co-chair, and committee members Susan Helfant, Nora Levinson, Marilyn Kass, Michael Berman, Gil Newman, and Karen Wolf.
By 1935, according to Peddler to Suburbanite, Monmouth County ranked among most poultry farmers in the United States. Estimates suggested that Jewish farmers accounted for about 75 percent of New Jersey’s total egg production.
The exhibit featured with photos and text depicting highlights from the lives of Jewish poultry farmers who once helped earn Monmouth County the nickname “egg basket of the nation.” Dioramas show chicken coops and farming implements.
Jeffrey Wolf, museum co-president, and Georgine Eberbright, vice president and exhibits chair, admire a model of a chicken coop — “complete with chicks” — part of an exhibit honoring Jewish farmers on display at the Jewish Heritage Museum of Monmouth County. The two co-chaired the committee working on the exhibit.

 Past Exhibits included:
·       Rev. John Greaul : Christian Zionist
·       Monmouth County Poultry Farming
·       Jersey Homesteads: Experiments in Cooperative Living (Roosevelt, NJ)
·       The Land Was Theirs: The Story of the Jewish Farmers of Monmouth County
·       Dr. Gertrude Wishnick Dubrovsky, who passed away in October 2012, was New Jersey’s foremost historian of the state’s Jewish farming communities.
·       Fun Can Be Work!
·       The Art of Clara Gee Stamaty, Stanley Stamaty, and Mark Alan Stamaty
·       Jewish Experience in Pictures (Photographs Capturing Monmouth County’s Jewish Experience)
·       Marilyn Michaels: Painting and Memories - a Multimedia Exhibit
·       Art exhibition of Marilyn Michaels memorabilia  (theatre, television and recording star)
·       Sheldon Sacks Exhibit (Popular commercial artist)
·       World War II Tribute
·       The Historical Memorabilia of Rabbi Sally J. Priesand, America's First Woman Rabbi. In 1972 Sally Priesand became the first woman ordained as a rabbi from a rabbinical seminary. She served for twenty five years as rabbi of Monmouth Reform Temple..   
·       Textile Exhibit
·       Jacob Landau: Humanist and Visionary
·       Exhibit and commentary on the artist’s work by Dr. David Herrstrom, president of the Landau Institute as well as a musical presentation by David Brahinsky and Friends, Roosevelt, NJ.
Current and future programs are found at http://www.jhmomc.org/




 


Saturday, August 29, 2015

Farmingdale: Poultry Capital of New Jersey

Farmingdale: Poultry Capital of New Jersey
Arthur L. Finkle
Farmingdale, Monmouth County, six miles from Fort Monmouth, is a study in how Jews could live the dream of achieving spiritual development by working the soil to become the egg capital of the United States in the 1940’s.

Begun in 1919 by the Freidman and the Peskin families (close relatives), recent immigrants from Galicia, and more recently from the slums of New York City, the Farmingdale community became an expression of the individualistic, cooperative, idealistic, hard-working farmer.  [1]

Most had briefly lived in New York City. A major reason for this agricultural undertaking was to escape the severe Spanish flu pandemic of 1918. Other reasons included escaping labor exploitation, as they saw in the needle trades in New York, social justice, independence, owning land (new for the Jew) and gaining the farming mores that working the soil will build spirituality.

Since farming was noncompetitive (all benefited from healthy poultry and good growing seasons), the community set up cooperatives (both politically leftist and rightest), finally joining together in forming a general organization of an Egg Cooperative that included the corridor of egg farmers in the Route 130 corridor, initiated by the Jewish Agricultural Society. The ‘coop’ members shared farming knowledge, marketed eggs and poultry and kept up on the latest in the industry.

Farmingdale poultry farming thrived from the 1910 to 1960. Originally living in New York, radicalized with socialism in reaction to their perceived oppression in the garment industry, these ‘farmers’ appeared in Monmouth County, not knowing a thing about farming.

In 1919, two New York City Jewish immigrant families pooled their little money to create poultry farms supported by Jewish Agricultural Society. Led by the pioneering Peskin and Friedman families, both Russians, who settled initially in New York and belonged to the same Landmandshaffen (clubs of Jewish European immigrants from the same area), they desired to live in an area similar to ‘old country.’

The horrible 1918 flu epidemic catalyzed the venture. The early years were tough. The farmers organized the Central Jersey Cooperative organization, in 1920, with the help from the Jewish Agricultural Society for whole area. In 1927, the farmers established the Farmingdale Cooperative and the Poultry Egg
Because of their isolation and individualism, coupled with their bad experiences living in congested New York City, these farmers were secular in their outlook. Wanting to escape urban slums, exploitation in the garment industry and desiring to achieve social injustice and independence, they liked farming and its communal nature.

They also had the support of County Agents and the Jewish Agricultural Society.

Begun in 1919 by the Freidman and the Peskin families (close relatives), recent immigrants from Galicia, and more recently from the slums of New York City, the Farmingdale community became an expression of the individualistic, cooperative, idealistic, hard-working farmer.

A major reason for this strange undertaking was to escape the severe Spanish flu pandemic of 1918. Other reasons included escaping labor exploitation as they saw in the needle trades in New York, social justice, independence, owning land (new for the Jew) and gaining the farming mores that working the soil will build spirituality.

Since farming was noncompetitive (all benefitted from healthy poultry and good growing seasons), the community set up cooperatives (both politically leftist and rightest), finally joining together in forming a general organization of an Egg Cooperative that included the corridor of egg farmers in the Route 130 corridor, initiated by the Jewish Agricultural Society. The coop members shared farming knowledge, marketed eggs and poultry and kept up on the latest in the industry.





 Fig. 15 White Leghorn

Initially, it grew produce (potatoes and corn); then animals (pigs and cows). When the Jewish Agricultural Society saw that this community needed a different product, it suggested poultry. Supported by the Jewish Agricultural Society, Farmingdale struck it rich over a period in the poultry and egg business.

Its residents roiled in political revolt against the oppressive conditions in the slums of New York City. This intellectual community even impressed Albert Einstein who found it remarkable that Jews could become successful farmers.[2]

The population of Farmingdale, which land is the base for a dam, had a population in 1919 of 600 but it increased as the Peskin's and the Friedmanns and wooed their relatives, boarding guests, and Jews who wanted a different life that they could control. The Peskins became realtors and marketed their community for its individuality, livelihood and spiritual values.

Although the Friedman's found that they could not make a living and returned to the dry cleaning business in New York, they returned to Farmingdale nine years later.

Its inhabitants came in four waves. First was the Eastern Europeans who generally had stayed in the slums of New York and had their children school there in their early years. Many of these farmers were radicals.

They built a Community Center, with the help of Jewish Agricultural Society around which they centered their intellectual lives (lefties versus righties); solvers of world problems, renowned speakers and performers, and meeting about their cooperative ventures. There were adherents of Socialism, Their beliefs ranged from capitalism, libertarianism, nihilism, anarchism, Trotskyism, Schactmannism and Communism, among others.

This population and later waves of immigrants did not practice most Jewish rituals or prayer. Nevertheless, their social lives centered on the Jewish holidays, the rites of passage and the never-ending argumentation probably derived from Talmud study of their forbears.

The second wave of inhabitants consisted of mainly intellectuals who wanted to flee the stifles of New York. These idealistic newcomers provided the high intellectual bent of the community.

In the 1930’s, German Jews fled a hostile Germany. Some settled in farm communities. These refugees became a community within a community. Most were more highly educated than their Russian brethren, they were also more conservative.

German Jews did not want to live in New York. They also had a language barrier. But one farmer said that the chicken did not distinguish between German and English. Accordingly, their transition was made easier. [3]

The prosperous years were from 1929 to 1945. Farming techniques plus government price-supports of eggs caused profits to rise more than 100%. One of the unintended benefits of poultry was that it became a ready substitute for meat, rationed during the war. Many farmers retired to Lakewood.

Displaced Persons who arrived after World War 2 formed the fourth wave. Concentration camp survivors who needed a becalming placed in which to heal from their ordeal. Used to backbreaking work, they were good farmers.

Intellectual Farmers
Political arguments became the lifeblood of the community. It served as a social outlet (psychological and emotional support) because there were neither phones nor cars between farms. Yet, in order to adjudicate these political battles, they formed an arbitration bureau at the Community Center, which they called the Beis Din (Rabbinical Court).





Because of  the Farmingdale community’s perfervid and sometimes radical political arguments, many of Farmingdale's inhabitants were under FBI investigation for their radical political views during the paranoid McCarthy era (early 1950's), without cause.







Endnotes






[1] Gerhard Falk, The German Jews in America: a Minority with a Minority (Lanham, Boulder, NY, Toronto, Plymouth, UK: University Press, Inc., 2014)
[2] Dubrovsky, Gertrude Wishnick, The Land Was Theirs: Jewish Farmers in the Garden State (Judaic Studies Series) by (Feb 28, 1992). (Tuscaloosa : Alabama U. Press).
[3] Diner, Hasia in A Time for Gathering: The Second Migration, 1820-1880 (1992).